I can't figure out how to stop white's most common opening against Sicilian

I noticed in the first 10 moves you only played 1 move that wasn't a pawn more or queen move. The opening principles say prioritize minor piece development and castling...
... sure in the "semi-open" games (1.e4 without 1...e5) black often gets away with it, but this leads beginners to forming bad habits...
... anyway, true to what I was saying, your position was actually fine on move 10, but instead of capturing the free bishop (10...Qxg5) you gave away a knight for free (11.Bxf6). So... that's what wins and loses games, not your opening. Objectively your opening was fine (even though I griped about it).

Look no person below 1500 should play the Sicilian, it’s a very complex opening with lots of theory. I myself have stayed away from it due to how complex and theory deep it is. I’d recommend choosing a simpler opening such as the caro, or Scandinavian.

I felt that your first six moves were pretty good.
Move 7. ... b4 looked dubious. Too many Pawn moves. Why kick the Knight right now? Why not hold the threat over White's head for a while, and develop a few pieces instead?
7. ... Nf6 or 7. ... Bb7 looks better. Even the super-bizarre 7. ... Ra7?! is worth looking at.
More generally, after White's 3. Bc4 there's really no good way to enter the Dragon. Learn how to play Scheveningen formations.

Thanks everyone this is very helpful. I will take a look at the Scandinavian.
Just a hint about the Scandinavian:
It usually leads to the same (quite literally, the same) Pawn formation as the open Caro Kann.
After 1. e4 d5 (Scandinavian) 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Nc3 Qa5 4. d4 Nf6 5. Nf3 c6 6. Bc4 Bf5 7. Bd2 e6 we end up with this Pawn structure:

You think that you have a problem with the opening, but you are wrong. Your problem is not the opening, your problem is with beginner level tactics ("taking a free piece" and "not hanging a piece").
My advice is to stop thinking about opening lines, it is not fruitful. Google "opening principles", that is all you need to know. And most importantly, try to sharpen your tactics with this:
Doing the 5 free puzzles a day will do wonders to your chess.

You think that you have a problem with the opening, but you are wrong. Your problem is not the opening, your problem is with beginner level tactics ("taking a free piece" and "not hanging a piece").
My advice is to stop thinking about opening lines, it is not fruitful. Google "opening principles", that is all you need to know. And most importantly, try to sharpen your tactics with this:
Doing the 5 free puzzles a day will do wonders to your chess.
This.

For one, I know this is has been beaten to death, but you're 600 and you really shouldn't be trying to play The Sicilian Dragon. You are attempting to learn one of the most theory dence openings in all of Chess, when at your level, your focus should be in learning how not to hang pieces and tactics.
Notice how on move 10, you push the pawn which is defending the knight and then proceed to hang the rook. Something that could help you to improve is learning about piece continuity instead: What was that pawn doing before you moved it? Was it defending something? These are questions you can try to ask yourself to improve the quality of your moves. Better yet, you can apply this to your opponent too, "Did the piece that my opponent moved used to guard something? If so, can I take the piece it used to protect?"

Doing tactics is important, but consciously checking for unprotected pieces and pawns for both sides during the game after move (if time control allows) is also helpful.

what the heck is this. stop playing the Sicilian at 600. nobody will know 1 move of theory besides you lmao

go for queenside play. Don't forget to develop your pieces of course, but I assure you that white does not have a good plan in this sctructure. You get easy play with a b c pawns on the queenside. Just push them and they'll do wonders, but make sure ALL YOUR MINOR PIECES PLAY
I have been trying to play the Sicilian Dragon recently but have run into an issue that I don't know how to respond to the following white move order: e4, Nf3, Bc4. I feel like I get pulled out of the Dragon quickly and never recover. I see this move order a lot, or sometimes with bishop first and then the knight. Any suggestions?