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Does reducing everything to natural explanations only limit all things down to the most basics, that is just the material makeup of the universe itself?

Would endless time matter in having abiogenesis occur if all of the conditions required were not setup correctly? A small handful would be the conditions the size and distance of a planet from its sun, the planet's axis, and rotation, along with the atmosphere? Some of the other not so minor details, having all the proper chemicals in one place going through the appropriate chemical reactions towards life and not anything else! All of this, of course, only done in a stable environment that could cause life to thrive and survive over time. The only time a chance for life to occur could happen would be if all the variables were appropriately met; if not, more time is meaningless; it would add nothing to the window of opportunities. The complexity of life is so great the mind that could design it would have to be incredibly powerful. Now we are in time, we have a past, present, and future (hopefully) and all we do is in this little sliver of time we call now. Now is so small it's leading edge, and its trailing edge occupies the same place. If we see things that present to us a chicken or egg issue in life's beginning, wouldn't the designer have to be outside of our time limitations? This designer would also not only have to incredibly intelligent but not be bound to time as we are! Since some requirements have several things being true at once, while we cannot have one without the other, that could only happen with someone outside of our time limitations doing the work? Just a thought.

This forum thread is meant to show everyone here what the US law says about teaching creationism and evolution side by side in public schools. The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required public school teachers to teach evolution and creationism side by side. The US Supreme Court in the Edwards v. Aguillard case declared the Louisiana law unconstitutional due to the establishment clause because the law wasn’t secular, as was interpreted from the establishment clause in the US constitution. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwards-v-Aguilard

I am, as the title of this thread says, puzzled as to why a club for "the evolution discussion" exists. There is an overwhelming scientific consensus both that (a) evolution occurred and (b) the theory of evolution (together with genetics) provides a good explanation of how evolution occurred, certainly in its broad outlines and also in many details (although many details remain unknown, and important mechanisms, like genetic drift, can still sometimes be added to the theory). Now, those of us who are not experts are always free to disagree with the overwhelming consensus of experts, but it's generally a bad idea to do so. The overwhelming of the experts *is* the overwhelming consensus of the experts for good reason, and they're the ones who are more likely to be getting it right. Would a club like this exist for "the gravity discussion," faux-debating whether or not the orbits of the planets really were gravitationally determined? Would a club like this exist for "the electricity discussion," faux-debating whether or not computers and TVs really ran on electricity? Would a club like this exist for "the supply and demand discussion," faux-debating whether or not economists' law of supply and demand really had validity? Come on. The experts know what they're talking about. Why pretend they don't?

I decided to create a thread devoted simply to asking and answering questions. No arguing, just discovering. If you encounter someone who either disagrees with you or you believe they said something factually incorrect, refrain from arguing with them. Just ask questions. Someone start by asking a question, and then let's continue the discussion the way I had in mind (questions and discovery).

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Will you admit that the ostrich lives in Africa, where there's lions? Will you admit that the ostrich might be on the menu for a tasty snack? Will you admit that the ostrich has a powerful kick that can kill a lion, and that's it's defense? Will you admit that if the ostrich needed time to develop this defensive ability, the first one would get eaten, and they would not be able to reproduce(cause they're dead)?

I thought of this in the light of my interest in expanding my English vocabulary (due to my curiosity). I’ve always looked up to amazing writers and many who use many words that I don’t know the meaning of. As I’m learning words that I don’t hear very often and go through their meanings and usage in my head, some of the words no longer feel out of reach but rather ordinary as though I’ve used them to describe things in fewer words (and mainly these descriptions are in my thoughts). This experience so far has opened a new perception in my mind, the idea that an ordinary person like me can train himself or herself to be well-versed in things that they are very interested in (when I say “ordinary” I mean people who never scored as a genius on an official IQ test). I also think people might be perceived as very intelligent from engaging in intellectual activities on a regular basis. This happens because whatever goes into the brain comes out. If someone watches a science program for a half hour every day, they will know more than if they watched a reality TV show in that same amount of time. What do you all think?

Since evolution takes effect over geological time, it's necessary first to establish that such time has been available for evolutionary forces to act. So what is the age of our planet? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth " The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%).[1][2][3][4] This age may represent the age of the Earth's accretion, of core formation, or of the material from which the Earth formed.[2] This dating is based on evidence from radiometric age-dating of meteorite[5] material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples. Following the development of radiometric age-dating in the early 20th century, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.[6] The oldest such minerals analyzed to date—small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia—are at least 4.404 billion years old.[7][8][9] Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions—the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System—are 4.567 billion years old,[10][11] giving a lower limit for the age of the solar system. " https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-science-figured-out-the-age-of-the-earth/ "Aristotle thought the earth had existed eternally. Roman poet Lucretius, intellectual heir to the Greek atomists, believed its formation must have been relatively recent, given that there were no records going back beyond the Trojan War. The Talmudic rabbis, Martin Luther and others used the biblical account to extrapolate back from known history and came up with rather similar estimates for when the earth came into being. The most famous came in 1654, when Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland offered the date of 4004 B.C." "Within decades observation began overtaking such thinking. In the 1660s Nicolas Steno formulated our modern concepts of deposition of horizontal strata. He inferred that where the layers are not horizontal, they must have been tilted since their deposition and noted that different strata contain different kinds of fossil. Robert Hooke, not long after, suggested that the fossil record would form the basis for a chronology that would “far antedate ... even the very pyramids.” The 18th century saw the spread of canal building, which led to the discovery of strata correlated over great distances, and James Hutton’s recognition that unconformities between successive layers implied that deposition had been interrupted by enormously long periods of tilt and erosion. By 1788 Hutton had formulated a theory of cyclic deposition and uplift, with the earth indefinitely old, showing “no vestige of a beginning—no prospect of an end.” Hutton considered the present to be the key to the past, with geologic processes driven by the same forces as those we can see at work today. This position came to be known as uniformitarianism, but within it we must distinguish between uniformity of natural law (which nearly all of us would accept) and the increasingly questionable assumptions of uniformity of process, uniformity of rate and uniformity of outcome." etc.. ".... The second act of the drama sees a prolonged attempt by a new generation of geologists to estimate the age of the earth from observational evidence, to come up with an answer that would satisfy the demands of newly dominant evolutionary thinking, and to reconcile this answer with the constraints imposed by thermodynamics. The third act sees the entry of a newly discovered set of physical laws—those governing radioactivity. Radioactivity offered not only a resolution to the puzzle of the earth’s energy supply but also a chronology independent of questionable geologic assumptions and a depth of time more than adequate for the processes of evolution." Without the acceptance of the age of the Earth that evidence & careful measurement gives us, no useful discussion of evolution can take place as far as I can see.

Thought I’d share an article about the evolution of butterflies. It’s a short article with not much going on, but I like it. Enjoy! https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/butterflies/evolution Please share any other articles you like about the evolution of butterflies.

Creationists, what evidence do you have that the world was created in 6 days (literally)? Not words in a book that you’ve just accepted, but physical evidence in the world around us. Also, what evidence do you have that the world is several thousand years old? I’m not talking about refuting evolution, but rather showing physical evidence that the world is a few thousand years old.

Empathy is something I’m interested in investigating, particularly on how it appeared in the human community. This article doesn’t do extensive analysis, but it still grabs my attention. I’m sure there’s a lot more research out there on the development of empathy in humans. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-me-in-we/201612/the-evolutionary-origins-empathy%3famp I definitely think empathy is one of our strengths, and because of it, we have been able to achieve a lot. It makes me happy when horrible, unwelcomed thoughts I have are met with strong desires to protect the people I have horrible thoughts about. It makes me realize how important of a role empathy has on someone’s behavior. It makes me feel good about myself.

Creationists don’t trust scientists’ expertise because humans are imperfect. They don’t believe in evolution because it’s an evolving field of science (do you like the pun?), meaning much of it is still yet to be uncovered. So the creationists have doubt because they don’t have confidence in science. Creationists feel more confident in the Bible because the Bible doesn’t evolve (pun again), which means that the accuracy of its narratives cannot be improved. This gives creationists confidence in the book because there is no room for improvement, which means to them that it is either perfect or close to perfect.

For people who believe that the earth is several thousand years old, I would like to hear your thoughts. Do you think that knowledge of a several thousand year old earth has led us to innovations or other advancements in society? If so, how?

The Sumerian and Babylonian myths are the most ancient texts known that tell us about the myths of ancient peoples. How much weight should they carry as evidence about the history of planet Earth? The Flood storySegment A [....]1-10. …… sets up ……. "I will …… the perishing of my mankind; for Nintur, I will stop the annihilation of my creatures, and I will return the people from their dwelling grounds. Let them build many cities so that I can refresh myself in their shade. Let them lay the bricks of many cities in pure places, let them establish places of divination in pure places, and when the fire-quenching …… is arranged, the divine rites and exalted powers are perfected and the earth is irrigated, I will establish well-being there." 10-14. After An, Enlil, Enki and Ninḫursaĝa had fashioned the black-headed people, they also made animals multiply everywhere, and made herds of four-legged animals exist on the plains, as is befitting. [....] Segment B1-3. 3 lines fragmentary 4-5. "I will oversee their labour. Let …… the builder of the Land, dig a solid foundation." 6-18. After the …… of kingship had descended from heaven, after the exalted crown and throne of kingship had descended from heaven, the divine rites and the exalted powers were perfected, the bricks of the cities were laid in holy places, their names were announced and the …… were distributed. The first of the cities, Eridug, was given to Nudimmud the leader. The second, Bad-tibira, was given to the Mistress. The third, Larag, was given to Pabilsaĝ. The fourth, Zimbir, was given to the hero Utu. The fifth, Šuruppag, was given to Sud. And after the names of these cities had been announced and the …… had been distributed, the river ……, …… was watered, and with the cleansing of the small canals …… were established. [....] Segment C1-27. ……seat in heaven. …… flood. …… mankind. So he made ……. Then Nintur ……. Holy Inana made a lament for its people. Enki took counsel with himself. An, Enlil, Enki and Ninḫursaĝa made all the gods of heaven and earth take an oath by invoking An and Enlil. In those days Zi-ud-sura the king, the gudug priest, ……. He fashioned ……. The humble, committed, reverent ……. Day by day, standing constantly at ……. Something that was not a dream appeared, conversation ……, …… taking an oath by invoking heaven and earth. In the Ki-ur, the gods …… a wall. Zi-ud-sura, standing at its side, heard: "Side-wall standing at my left side, ……. Side-wall, I will speak words to you; take heed of my words, pay attention to my instructions. A flood will sweep over the …… in all the ……. A decision that the seed of mankind is to be destroyed has been made. The verdict, the word of the divine assembly, cannot be revoked. The order announced by An and Enlil cannot be overturned. Their kingship, their term has been cut off; their heart should be rested about this. Now ……. What ……." [....] Segment D1-11. All the windstorms and gales arose together, and the flood swept over the ……. After the flood had swept over the land, and waves and windstorms had rocked the huge boat for seven days and seven nights, Utu the sun god came out, illuminating heaven and earth. Zi-ud-sura could drill an opening in the huge boat and the hero Utu entered the huge boat with his rays. Zi-ud-sura the king prostrated himself before Utu. The king sacrificed oxen and offered innumerable sheep. 12-17. six lines fragmentary [....] Segment E1-2. "They have made you swear by heaven and earth, ……. An and Enlil have made you swear by heaven and earth, ……." 3-11. More and more animals disembarked onto the earth. Zi-ud-sura the king prostrated himself before An and Enlil. An and Enlil treated Zi-ud-sura kindly ……, they granted him life like a god, they brought down to him eternal life. At that time, because of preserving the animals and the seed of mankind, they settled Zi-ud-sura the king in an overseas country, in the land Dilmun, where the sun rises. 12. ....

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2013/10/09/evolution-in-color-from-peppered-moths-to-walking-sticks/ Here is an article that demonstrates natural selection. The moths and the walking sticks collectively adapted to their environment, because the bugs without the favorable trait were much less likely to be eaten by prey. Thus, they were able to pass down their genes and cause a change in the population (evolution).